![]() Jesus suffered all the shame and horror of crucifixion. Any semblance of human dignity was stripped away, even ultimately breath itself, because death was hastened by asphyxiation. The victim of crucifixion was dispossessed of everything. The cross of Christ was a horrible torture. The Nephite text explicitly says there was great destruction in the land southward, but even greater devastation in the land northward 3 Nephi 8:11-12.In anticipation of Easter, high-end jewelers advertise gold and bejeweled crosses costing thousands of dollars. The Tacaná eruption at about the same time had a VEI of 3. The Popocatépetl eruption had a VEI of 6. The numbers represent the volume of pyroclastic material ejected by the volcano. The magnitude of a volcanic eruption is measured in volcanic explosivity index (VEI) numbers ranging from 1 to 8 on a logarithmic scale. Tacaná has erupted at least 11 times in the Holocene Epoch (the last 10,000 years). These are the results of C-14 tests run on the Tacaná eruption under consideration. So, most projects can only afford a handful of C-14 tests. How expensive is one C-14 test? In the neighborhood of $500 - $650 assuming adequate sample preparation and no special handling. How do paleogeologists date volcanic eruptions? They submit organic matter encased in a lava or ash strata for Carbon-14 dating just as archaeologists and paleontologists do. ![]() The eruption caused mud flows upslope and massive flooding in lower elevations as stream flows were temporarily dammed by volcanic ejecta. Rosenswig & Julia Guernsey, "Introducing Izapa" in Ancient Mesoamerica 29 (2018) pp. AD 30 eruption is documented in José Luis Macías, et al., "Late Formative Flooding of Izapa after an Eruption of Tacaná Volcano" in Ancient Mesoamerica 29 (2018) pp. It straddles the border between Chiapas, Mexico and San Marcos, Guatemala. Tacaná is the second highest peak in Central America (4,060 meters or 13,320 feet) after Tajumulco. Most Mesoamerican models of Book of Mormon geography place Tacaná in the land southward. Evidence has recently been published that Tacaná also erupted very near the time of Christ's death. Many read the text of 3 Nephi 8, 9 and imagine multiple volcanic, seismic, and meteorological events all happening simultaneously. The Book of Mormon also describes great destruction in the land southward 3 Nephi 8:11. The airport is so often closed due to volcanic ash in the air that most travelers fly into Mexico City and take a 2.5 hour bus ride to Puebla. In all those years, I have only flown into the Puebla airport one time. I have maintained a software development office in downtown Puebla since 1999, so I travel there quite often on business. It remains a very active, dangerous volcano. It sits between the valleys of Mexico and Puebla. "Popo" as the locals know it, is the second highest peak in Mexico (5,426 meters or 17,802 feet) after Orizaba. Popocatépetl with the Great Pyramid of Cholula in the Foreground Most Mesoamerican models of Book of Mormon geography place Popocatépetl in the land northward. This is of interest, of course, because professional geologists tend to interpret the destruction described in 3 Nephi 8, 9 as a combination of volcanic, seismic, and meteorological phenomena. It discusses recent scientific literature about the massive eruption of Popocatépetl very near the time of Christ's death. Book of Mormon Central's KnoWhy #530 " Is there evidence for great destruction in the land northward at the death of Christ?" is superb.
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